in other news I created an rng of my own for fun which passed the diehard test suite. Its slow, but that might have just been disk io.
This weekend I may be making a Mk.II version of it which will incorporate some cryptosecurity. Even though its completely pointless for this, its more for my own entertainment.
Code: Select all
NOTE: Most of the tests in DIEHARD return a p-value, which
should be uniform on [0,1) if the input file contains truly
independent random bits. Those p-values are obtained by
p=F(X), where F is the assumed distribution of the sample
random variable X---often normal. But that assumed F is just
an asymptotic approximation, for which the fit will be worst
in the tails. Thus you should not be surprised with
occasional p-values near 0 or 1, such as .0012 or .9983.
When a bit stream really FAILS BIG, you will get p's of 0 or
1 to six or more places. By all means, do not, as a
Statistician might, think that a p < .025 or p> .975 means
that the RNG has "failed the test at the .05 level". Such
p's happen among the hundreds that DIEHARD produces, even
with good RNG's. So keep in mind that " p happens".
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: This is the BIRTHDAY SPACINGS TEST ::
:: Choose m birthdays in a year of n days. List the spacings ::
:: between the birthdays. If j is the number of values that ::
:: occur more than once in that list, then j is asymptotically ::
:: Poisson distributed with mean m^3/(4n). Experience shows n ::
:: must be quite large, say n>=2^18, for comparing the results ::
:: to the Poisson distribution with that mean. This test uses ::
:: n=2^24 and m=2^9, so that the underlying distribution for j ::
:: is taken to be Poisson with lambda=2^27/(2^26)=2. A sample ::
:: of 500 j's is taken, and a chi-square goodness of fit test ::
:: provides a p value. The first test uses bits 1-24 (counting ::
:: from the left) from integers in the specified file. ::
:: Then the file is closed and reopened. Next, bits 2-25 are ::
:: used to provide birthdays, then 3-26 and so on to bits 9-32. ::
:: Each set of bits provides a p-value, and the nine p-values ::
:: provide a sample for a KSTEST. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
BIRTHDAY SPACINGS TEST, M= 512 N=2**24 LAMBDA= 2.0000
Results for out.rbnf
For a sample of size 500: mean
out.rbnf using bits 1 to 24 1.956
duplicate number number
spacings observed expected
0 62. 67.668
1 151. 135.335
2 126. 135.335
3 94. 90.224
4 47. 45.112
5 16. 18.045
6 to INF 4. 8.282
Chisquare with 6 d.o.f. = 5.61 p-value= .532255
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
For a sample of size 500: mean
out.rbnf using bits 2 to 25 2.012
duplicate number number
spacings observed expected
0 64. 67.668
1 140. 135.335
2 130. 135.335
3 90. 90.224
4 53. 45.112
5 15. 18.045
6 to INF 8. 8.282
Chisquare with 6 d.o.f. = 2.47 p-value= .128536
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
For a sample of size 500: mean
out.rbnf using bits 3 to 26 1.922
duplicate number number
spacings observed expected
0 72. 67.668
1 147. 135.335
2 128. 135.335
3 83. 90.224
4 46. 45.112
5 20. 18.045
6 to INF 4. 8.282
Chisquare with 6 d.o.f. = 4.70 p-value= .417412
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
For a sample of size 500: mean
out.rbnf using bits 4 to 27 1.918
duplicate number number
spacings observed expected
0 73. 67.668
1 138. 135.335
2 135. 135.335
3 97. 90.224
4 32. 45.112
5 20. 18.045
6 to INF 5. 8.282
Chisquare with 6 d.o.f. = 6.31 p-value= .610175
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
For a sample of size 500: mean
out.rbnf using bits 5 to 28 2.098
duplicate number number
spacings observed expected
0 73. 67.668
1 122. 135.335
2 121. 135.335
3 96. 90.224
4 58. 45.112
5 21. 18.045
6 to INF 9. 8.282
Chisquare with 6 d.o.f. = 7.85 p-value= .750767
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
For a sample of size 500: mean
out.rbnf using bits 6 to 29 1.990
duplicate number number
spacings observed expected
0 67. 67.668
1 150. 135.335
2 122. 135.335
3 86. 90.224
4 45. 45.112
5 19. 18.045
6 to INF 11. 8.282
Chisquare with 6 d.o.f. = 4.05 p-value= .330135
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
For a sample of size 500: mean
out.rbnf using bits 7 to 30 1.972
duplicate number number
spacings observed expected
0 73. 67.668
1 115. 135.335
2 159. 135.335
3 82. 90.224
4 53. 45.112
5 14. 18.045
6 to INF 4. 8.282
Chisquare with 6 d.o.f. = 12.86 p-value= .954736
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
For a sample of size 500: mean
out.rbnf using bits 8 to 31 2.024
duplicate number number
spacings observed expected
0 60. 67.668
1 134. 135.335
2 140. 135.335
3 98. 90.224
4 43. 45.112
5 19. 18.045
6 to INF 6. 8.282
Chisquare with 6 d.o.f. = 2.49 p-value= .130547
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
For a sample of size 500: mean
out.rbnf using bits 9 to 32 2.070
duplicate number number
spacings observed expected
0 59. 67.668
1 138. 135.335
2 130. 135.335
3 103. 90.224
4 37. 45.112
5 22. 18.045
6 to INF 11. 8.282
Chisquare with 6 d.o.f. = 6.40 p-value= .620102
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
The 9 p-values were
.532255 .128536 .417412 .610175 .750767
.330135 .954736 .130547 .620102
A KSTEST for the 9 p-values yields .035832
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: THE OVERLAPPING 5-PERMUTATION TEST ::
:: This is the OPERM5 test. It looks at a sequence of one mill- ::
:: ion 32-bit random integers. Each set of five consecutive ::
:: integers can be in one of 120 states, for the 5! possible or- ::
:: derings of five numbers. Thus the 5th, 6th, 7th,...numbers ::
:: each provide a state. As many thousands of state transitions ::
:: are observed, cumulative counts are made of the number of ::
:: occurences of each state. Then the quadratic form in the ::
:: weak inverse of the 120x120 covariance matrix yields a test ::
:: equivalent to the likelihood ratio test that the 120 cell ::
:: counts came from the specified (asymptotically) normal dis- ::
:: tribution with the specified 120x120 covariance matrix (with ::
:: rank 99). This version uses 1,000,000 integers, twice. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
OPERM5 test for file out.rbnf
For a sample of 1,000,000 consecutive 5-tuples,
chisquare for 99 degrees of freedom=114.026; p-value= .856642
OPERM5 test for file out.rbnf
For a sample of 1,000,000 consecutive 5-tuples,
chisquare for 99 degrees of freedom=125.500; p-value= .962777
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: This is the BINARY RANK TEST for 31x31 matrices. The leftmost ::
:: 31 bits of 31 random integers from the test sequence are used ::
:: to form a 31x31 binary matrix over the field {0,1}. The rank ::
:: is determined. That rank can be from 0 to 31, but ranks< 28 ::
:: are rare, and their counts are pooled with those for rank 28. ::
:: Ranks are found for 40,000 such random matrices and a chisqua-::
:: re test is performed on counts for ranks 31,30,29 and <=28. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Binary rank test for out.rbnf
Rank test for 31x31 binary matrices:
rows from leftmost 31 bits of each 32-bit integer
rank observed expected (o-e)^2/e sum
28 219 211.4 .271909 .272
29 5145 5134.0 .023524 .295
30 23018 23103.0 .313074 .609
31 11618 11551.5 .382547 .991
chisquare= .991 for 3 d. of f.; p-value= .356326
--------------------------------------------------------------
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: This is the BINARY RANK TEST for 32x32 matrices. A random 32x ::
:: 32 binary matrix is formed, each row a 32-bit random integer. ::
:: The rank is determined. That rank can be from 0 to 32, ranks ::
:: less than 29 are rare, and their counts are pooled with those ::
:: for rank 29. Ranks are found for 40,000 such random matrices ::
:: and a chisquare test is performed on counts for ranks 32,31, ::
:: 30 and <=29. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Binary rank test for out.rbnf
Rank test for 32x32 binary matrices:
rows from leftmost 32 bits of each 32-bit integer
rank observed expected (o-e)^2/e sum
29 210 211.4 .009511 .010
30 5197 5134.0 .772828 .782
31 22977 23103.0 .687693 1.470
32 11616 11551.5 .359875 1.830
chisquare= 1.830 for 3 d. of f.; p-value= .479621
--------------------------------------------------------------
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: This is the BINARY RANK TEST for 6x8 matrices. From each of ::
:: six random 32-bit integers from the generator under test, a ::
:: specified byte is chosen, and the resulting six bytes form a ::
:: 6x8 binary matrix whose rank is determined. That rank can be ::
:: from 0 to 6, but ranks 0,1,2,3 are rare; their counts are ::
:: pooled with those for rank 4. Ranks are found for 100,000 ::
:: random matrices, and a chi-square test is performed on ::
:: counts for ranks 6,5 and <=4. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Binary Rank Test for out.rbnf
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 1 to 8
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 974 944.3 .934 .934
r =5 21965 21743.9 2.248 3.182
r =6 77061 77311.8 .814 3.996
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .86439
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 2 to 9
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 982 944.3 1.505 1.505
r =5 21927 21743.9 1.542 3.047
r =6 77091 77311.8 .631 3.677
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .84098
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 3 to 10
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 913 944.3 1.038 1.038
r =5 21787 21743.9 .085 1.123
r =6 77300 77311.8 .002 1.125
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .43016
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 4 to 11
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 953 944.3 .080 .080
r =5 21708 21743.9 .059 .139
r =6 77339 77311.8 .010 .149
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .07178
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 5 to 12
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 964 944.3 .411 .411
r =5 21655 21743.9 .363 .774
r =6 77381 77311.8 .062 .836
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .34175
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 6 to 13
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 901 944.3 1.986 1.986
r =5 21958 21743.9 2.108 4.094
r =6 77141 77311.8 .377 4.471
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .89306
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 7 to 14
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 927 944.3 .317 .317
r =5 21732 21743.9 .007 .324
r =6 77341 77311.8 .011 .335
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .15402
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 8 to 15
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 933 944.3 .135 .135
r =5 21741 21743.9 .000 .136
r =6 77326 77311.8 .003 .138
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .06679
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 9 to 16
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 928 944.3 .281 .281
r =5 21799 21743.9 .140 .421
r =6 77273 77311.8 .019 .441
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .19768
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 10 to 17
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 939 944.3 .030 .030
r =5 21739 21743.9 .001 .031
r =6 77322 77311.8 .001 .032
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .01598
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 11 to 18
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 862 944.3 7.173 7.173
r =5 21905 21743.9 1.194 8.367
r =6 77233 77311.8 .080 8.447
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .98535
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 12 to 19
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 909 944.3 1.320 1.320
r =5 21808 21743.9 .189 1.509
r =6 77283 77311.8 .011 1.519
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .53219
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 13 to 20
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 949 944.3 .023 .023
r =5 21614 21743.9 .776 .799
r =6 77437 77311.8 .203 1.002
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .39412
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 14 to 21
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 941 944.3 .012 .012
r =5 21603 21743.9 .913 .925
r =6 77456 77311.8 .269 1.194
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .44941
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 15 to 22
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 975 944.3 .998 .998
r =5 21643 21743.9 .468 1.466
r =6 77382 77311.8 .064 1.530
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .53465
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 16 to 23
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 935 944.3 .092 .092
r =5 21697 21743.9 .101 .193
r =6 77368 77311.8 .041 .234
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .11025
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 17 to 24
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 953 944.3 .080 .080
r =5 21560 21743.9 1.555 1.635
r =6 77487 77311.8 .397 2.032
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .63805
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 18 to 25
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 1032 944.3 8.145 8.145
r =5 21438 21743.9 4.304 12.448
r =6 77530 77311.8 .616 13.064
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .99854
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 19 to 26
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 981 944.3 1.426 1.426
r =5 21415 21743.9 4.975 6.401
r =6 77604 77311.8 1.104 7.506
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .97655
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 20 to 27
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 956 944.3 .145 .145
r =5 21755 21743.9 .006 .151
r =6 77289 77311.8 .007 .157
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .07565
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 21 to 28
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 981 944.3 1.426 1.426
r =5 21772 21743.9 .036 1.463
r =6 77247 77311.8 .054 1.517
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .53160
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 22 to 29
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 919 944.3 .678 .678
r =5 21687 21743.9 .149 .827
r =6 77394 77311.8 .087 .914
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .36688
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 23 to 30
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 957 944.3 .171 .171
r =5 21925 21743.9 1.508 1.679
r =6 77118 77311.8 .486 2.165
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .66124
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 24 to 31
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 905 944.3 1.636 1.636
r =5 21705 21743.9 .070 1.705
r =6 77390 77311.8 .079 1.784
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .59024
Rank of a 6x8 binary matrix,
rows formed from eight bits of the RNG out.rbnf
b-rank test for bits 25 to 32
OBSERVED EXPECTED (O-E)^2/E SUM
r<=4 954 944.3 .100 .100
r =5 21727 21743.9 .013 .113
r =6 77319 77311.8 .001 .113
p=1-exp(-SUM/2)= .05513
TEST SUMMARY, 25 tests on 100,000 random 6x8 matrices
These should be 25 uniform [0,1] random variables:
.864386 .840982 .430158 .071779 .341746
.893065 .154024 .066788 .197684 .015976
.985352 .532188 .394123 .449406 .534655
.110248 .638048 .998544 .976547 .075648
.531601 .366883 .661241 .590242 .055132
brank test summary for out.rbnf
The KS test for those 25 supposed UNI's yields
KS p-value= .600076
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: THE BITSTREAM TEST ::
:: The file under test is viewed as a stream of bits. Call them ::
:: b1,b2,... . Consider an alphabet with two "letters", 0 and 1 ::
:: and think of the stream of bits as a succession of 20-letter ::
:: "words", overlapping. Thus the first word is b1b2...b20, the ::
:: second is b2b3...b21, and so on. The bitstream test counts ::
:: the number of missing 20-letter (20-bit) words in a string of ::
:: 2^21 overlapping 20-letter words. There are 2^20 possible 20 ::
:: letter words. For a truly random string of 2^21+19 bits, the ::
:: number of missing words j should be (very close to) normally ::
:: distributed with mean 141,909 and sigma 428. Thus ::
:: (j-141909)/428 should be a standard normal variate (z score) ::
:: that leads to a uniform [0,1) p value. The test is repeated ::
:: twenty times. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
THE OVERLAPPING 20-tuples BITSTREAM TEST, 20 BITS PER WORD, N words
This test uses N=2^21 and samples the bitstream 20 times.
No. missing words should average 141909. with sigma=428.
---------------------------------------------------------
tst no 1: 141555 missing words, -.83 sigmas from mean, p-value= .20387
tst no 2: 142071 missing words, .38 sigmas from mean, p-value= .64719
tst no 3: 141695 missing words, -.50 sigmas from mean, p-value= .30827
tst no 4: 142034 missing words, .29 sigmas from mean, p-value= .61458
tst no 5: 142214 missing words, .71 sigmas from mean, p-value= .76172
tst no 6: 141580 missing words, -.77 sigmas from mean, p-value= .22081
tst no 7: 141834 missing words, -.18 sigmas from mean, p-value= .43015
tst no 8: 142246 missing words, .79 sigmas from mean, p-value= .78425
tst no 9: 141437 missing words, -1.10 sigmas from mean, p-value= .13489
tst no 10: 141594 missing words, -.74 sigmas from mean, p-value= .23064
tst no 11: 142004 missing words, .22 sigmas from mean, p-value= .58753
tst no 12: 141682 missing words, -.53 sigmas from mean, p-value= .29766
tst no 13: 142477 missing words, 1.33 sigmas from mean, p-value= .90764
tst no 14: 142024 missing words, .27 sigmas from mean, p-value= .60562
tst no 15: 141263 missing words, -1.51 sigmas from mean, p-value= .06551
tst no 16: 141971 missing words, .14 sigmas from mean, p-value= .55729
tst no 17: 141997 missing words, .20 sigmas from mean, p-value= .58115
tst no 18: 141865 missing words, -.10 sigmas from mean, p-value= .45876
tst no 19: 141518 missing words, -.91 sigmas from mean, p-value= .18027
tst no 20: 142365 missing words, 1.06 sigmas from mean, p-value= .85648
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: The tests OPSO, OQSO and DNA ::
:: OPSO means Overlapping-Pairs-Sparse-Occupancy ::
:: The OPSO test considers 2-letter words from an alphabet of ::
:: 1024 letters. Each letter is determined by a specified ten ::
:: bits from a 32-bit integer in the sequence to be tested. OPSO ::
:: generates 2^21 (overlapping) 2-letter words (from 2^21+1 ::
:: "keystrokes") and counts the number of missing words---that ::
:: is 2-letter words which do not appear in the entire sequence. ::
:: That count should be very close to normally distributed with ::
:: mean 141,909, sigma 290. Thus (missingwrds-141909)/290 should ::
:: be a standard normal variable. The OPSO test takes 32 bits at ::
:: a time from the test file and uses a designated set of ten ::
:: consecutive bits. It then restarts the file for the next de- ::
:: signated 10 bits, and so on. ::
:: ::
:: OQSO means Overlapping-Quadruples-Sparse-Occupancy ::
:: The test OQSO is similar, except that it considers 4-letter ::
:: words from an alphabet of 32 letters, each letter determined ::
:: by a designated string of 5 consecutive bits from the test ::
:: file, elements of which are assumed 32-bit random integers. ::
:: The mean number of missing words in a sequence of 2^21 four- ::
:: letter words, (2^21+3 "keystrokes"), is again 141909, with ::
:: sigma = 295. The mean is based on theory; sigma comes from ::
:: extensive simulation. ::
:: ::
:: The DNA test considers an alphabet of 4 letters:: C,G,A,T,::
:: determined by two designated bits in the sequence of random ::
:: integers being tested. It considers 10-letter words, so that ::
:: as in OPSO and OQSO, there are 2^20 possible words, and the ::
:: mean number of missing words from a string of 2^21 (over- ::
:: lapping) 10-letter words (2^21+9 "keystrokes") is 141909. ::
:: The standard deviation sigma=339 was determined as for OQSO ::
:: by simulation. (Sigma for OPSO, 290, is the true value (to ::
:: three places), not determined by simulation. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
OPSO test for generator out.rbnf
Output: No. missing words (mw), equiv normal variate (z), p-value (p)
mw z p
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 23 to 32 141844 -.225 .4109
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 22 to 31 141567 -1.180 .1189
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 21 to 30 141478 -1.487 .0685
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 20 to 29 141684 -.777 .2186
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 19 to 28 142069 .551 .7090
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 18 to 27 142059 .516 .6971
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 17 to 26 142437 1.820 .9656
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 16 to 25 141817 -.318 .3751
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 15 to 24 142181 .937 .8256
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 14 to 23 142029 .413 .6601
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 13 to 22 141912 .009 .5037
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 12 to 21 141791 -.408 .3416
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 11 to 20 141405 -1.739 .0410
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 10 to 19 142316 1.402 .9196
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 9 to 18 142224 1.085 .8611
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 8 to 17 142290 1.313 .9054
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 7 to 16 141758 -.522 .3009
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 6 to 15 141869 -.139 .4447
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 5 to 14 141432 -1.646 .0499
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 4 to 13 142339 1.482 .9308
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 3 to 12 142200 1.002 .8419
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 2 to 11 141717 -.663 .2536
OPSO for out.rbnf using bits 1 to 10 141861 -.167 .4338
OQSO test for generator out.rbnf
Output: No. missing words (mw), equiv normal variate (z), p-value (p)
mw z p
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 28 to 32 141914 .016 .5063
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 27 to 31 142180 .918 .8206
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 26 to 30 141978 .233 .5920
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 25 to 29 141969 .202 .5802
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 24 to 28 142049 .473 .6821
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 23 to 27 142674 2.592 .9952
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 22 to 26 141602 -1.042 .1488
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 21 to 25 141778 -.445 .3281
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 20 to 24 141826 -.282 .3888
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 19 to 23 141914 .016 .5063
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 18 to 22 141345 -1.913 .0279
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 17 to 21 141763 -.496 .3099
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 16 to 20 141615 -.998 .1592
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 15 to 19 141833 -.259 .3979
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 14 to 18 142166 .870 .8079
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 13 to 17 141690 -.743 .2286
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 12 to 16 142088 .606 .7276
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 11 to 15 141678 -.784 .2165
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 10 to 14 142464 1.880 .9700
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 9 to 13 141819 -.306 .3797
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 8 to 12 142367 1.551 .9396
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 7 to 11 141728 -.615 .2694
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 6 to 10 141852 -.194 .4230
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 5 to 9 141142 -2.601 .0046
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 4 to 8 141660 -.845 .1990
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 3 to 7 142461 1.870 .9693
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 2 to 6 141527 -1.296 .0975
OQSO for out.rbnf using bits 1 to 5 140895 -3.438 .0003
DNA test for generator out.rbnf
Output: No. missing words (mw), equiv normal variate (z), p-value (p)
mw z p
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 31 to 32 141680 -.676 .2494
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 30 to 31 141648 -.771 .2204
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 29 to 30 141800 -.323 .3735
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 28 to 29 141441 -1.381 .0836
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 27 to 28 141538 -1.095 .1367
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 26 to 27 142103 .571 .7161
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 25 to 26 141927 .052 .5208
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 24 to 25 141775 -.396 .3460
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 23 to 24 142223 .925 .8226
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 22 to 23 141624 -.842 .2000
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 21 to 22 141302 -1.792 .0366
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 20 to 21 142011 .300 .6179
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 19 to 20 142097 .554 .7101
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 18 to 19 141827 -.243 .4041
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 17 to 18 142012 .303 .6190
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 16 to 17 141688 -.653 .2569
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 15 to 16 141552 -1.054 .1459
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 14 to 15 141897 -.036 .4855
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 13 to 14 142193 .837 .7986
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 12 to 13 141740 -.499 .3087
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 11 to 12 141321 -1.735 .0413
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 10 to 11 141919 .029 .5114
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 9 to 10 142185 .813 .7919
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 8 to 9 141429 -1.417 .0783
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 7 to 8 142380 1.388 .9175
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 6 to 7 141358 -1.626 .0519
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 5 to 6 141787 -.361 .3591
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 4 to 5 141436 -1.396 .0813
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 3 to 4 141771 -.408 .3416
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 2 to 3 142405 1.462 .9282
DNA for out.rbnf using bits 1 to 2 141956 .138 .5548
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:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: This is the COUNT-THE-1's TEST on a stream of bytes. ::
:: Consider the file under test as a stream of bytes (four per ::
:: 32 bit integer). Each byte can contain from 0 to 8 1's, ::
:: with probabilities 1,8,28,56,70,56,28,8,1 over 256. Now let ::
:: the stream of bytes provide a string of overlapping 5-letter ::
:: words, each "letter" taking values A,B,C,D,E. The letters are ::
:: determined by the number of 1's in a byte:: 0,1,or 2 yield A,::
:: 3 yields B, 4 yields C, 5 yields D and 6,7 or 8 yield E. Thus ::
:: we have a monkey at a typewriter hitting five keys with vari- ::
:: ous probabilities (37,56,70,56,37 over 256). There are 5^5 ::
:: possible 5-letter words, and from a string of 256,000 (over- ::
:: lapping) 5-letter words, counts are made on the frequencies ::
:: for each word. The quadratic form in the weak inverse of ::
:: the covariance matrix of the cell counts provides a chisquare ::
:: test:: Q5-Q4, the difference of the naive Pearson sums of ::
:: (OBS-EXP)^2/EXP on counts for 5- and 4-letter cell counts. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Test results for out.rbnf
Chi-square with 5^5-5^4=2500 d.of f. for sample size:2560000
chisquare equiv normal p-value
Results fo COUNT-THE-1's in successive bytes:
byte stream for out.rbnf 2477.62 -.317 .375805
byte stream for out.rbnf 2486.82 -.186 .426054
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:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: This is the COUNT-THE-1's TEST for specific bytes. ::
:: Consider the file under test as a stream of 32-bit integers. ::
:: From each integer, a specific byte is chosen , say the left- ::
:: most:: bits 1 to 8. Each byte can contain from 0 to 8 1's, ::
:: with probabilitie 1,8,28,56,70,56,28,8,1 over 256. Now let ::
:: the specified bytes from successive integers provide a string ::
:: of (overlapping) 5-letter words, each "letter" taking values ::
:: A,B,C,D,E. The letters are determined by the number of 1's, ::
:: in that byte:: 0,1,or 2 ---> A, 3 ---> B, 4 ---> C, 5 ---> D,::
:: and 6,7 or 8 ---> E. Thus we have a monkey at a typewriter ::
:: hitting five keys with with various probabilities:: 37,56,70,::
:: 56,37 over 256. There are 5^5 possible 5-letter words, and ::
:: from a string of 256,000 (overlapping) 5-letter words, counts ::
:: are made on the frequencies for each word. The quadratic form ::
:: in the weak inverse of the covariance matrix of the cell ::
:: counts provides a chisquare test:: Q5-Q4, the difference of ::
:: the naive Pearson sums of (OBS-EXP)^2/EXP on counts for 5- ::
:: and 4-letter cell counts. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Chi-square with 5^5-5^4=2500 d.of f. for sample size: 256000
chisquare equiv normal p value
Results for COUNT-THE-1's in specified bytes:
bits 1 to 8 2514.21 .201 .579609
bits 2 to 9 2477.10 -.324 .373004
bits 3 to 10 2390.35 -1.551 .060488
bits 4 to 11 2632.85 1.879 .969864
bits 5 to 12 2502.15 .030 .512130
bits 6 to 13 2465.87 -.483 .314665
bits 7 to 14 2563.54 .899 .815566
bits 8 to 15 2399.58 -1.420 .077781
bits 9 to 16 2436.49 -.898 .184554
bits 10 to 17 2476.93 -.326 .372091
bits 11 to 18 2406.77 -1.318 .093683
bits 12 to 19 2453.43 -.659 .255059
bits 13 to 20 2459.31 -.575 .282492
bits 14 to 21 2563.16 .893 .814147
bits 15 to 22 2472.57 -.388 .349022
bits 16 to 23 2451.43 -.687 .246069
bits 17 to 24 2583.23 1.177 .880418
bits 18 to 25 2580.68 1.141 .873074
bits 19 to 26 2669.23 2.393 .991652
bits 20 to 27 2635.39 1.915 .972233
bits 21 to 28 2517.50 .248 .597745
bits 22 to 29 2541.06 .581 .719286
bits 23 to 30 2411.56 -1.251 .105521
bits 24 to 31 2541.16 .582 .719725
bits 25 to 32 2494.24 -.081 .467557
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:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: THIS IS A PARKING LOT TEST ::
:: In a square of side 100, randomly "park" a car---a circle of ::
:: radius 1. Then try to park a 2nd, a 3rd, and so on, each ::
:: time parking "by ear". That is, if an attempt to park a car ::
:: causes a crash with one already parked, try again at a new ::
:: random location. (To avoid path problems, consider parking ::
:: helicopters rather than cars.) Each attempt leads to either ::
:: a crash or a success, the latter followed by an increment to ::
:: the list of cars already parked. If we plot n: the number of ::
:: attempts, versus k:: the number successfully parked, we get a::
:: curve that should be similar to those provided by a perfect ::
:: random number generator. Theory for the behavior of such a ::
:: random curve seems beyond reach, and as graphics displays are ::
:: not available for this battery of tests, a simple characteriz ::
:: ation of the random experiment is used: k, the number of cars ::
:: successfully parked after n=12,000 attempts. Simulation shows ::
:: that k should average 3523 with sigma 21.9 and is very close ::
:: to normally distributed. Thus (k-3523)/21.9 should be a st- ::
:: andard normal variable, which, converted to a uniform varia- ::
:: ble, provides input to a KSTEST based on a sample of 10. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
CDPARK: result of ten tests on file out.rbnf
Of 12,000 tries, the average no. of successes
should be 3523 with sigma=21.9
Successes: 3542 z-score: .868 p-value: .807188
Successes: 3528 z-score: .228 p-value: .590298
Successes: 3537 z-score: .639 p-value: .738676
Successes: 3524 z-score: .046 p-value: .518210
Successes: 3503 z-score: -.913 p-value: .180558
Successes: 3545 z-score: 1.005 p-value: .842447
Successes: 3558 z-score: 1.598 p-value: .944998
Successes: 3548 z-score: 1.142 p-value: .873180
Successes: 3494 z-score: -1.324 p-value: .092718
Successes: 3522 z-score: -.046 p-value: .481790
square size avg. no. parked sample sigma
100. 3530.100 19.110
KSTEST for the above 10: p= .580735
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:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: THE MINIMUM DISTANCE TEST ::
:: It does this 100 times:: choose n=8000 random points in a ::
:: square of side 10000. Find d, the minimum distance between ::
:: the (n^2-n)/2 pairs of points. If the points are truly inde- ::
:: pendent uniform, then d^2, the square of the minimum distance ::
:: should be (very close to) exponentially distributed with mean ::
:: .995 . Thus 1-exp(-d^2/.995) should be uniform on [0,1) and ::
:: a KSTEST on the resulting 100 values serves as a test of uni- ::
:: formity for random points in the square. Test numbers=0 mod 5 ::
:: are printed but the KSTEST is based on the full set of 100 ::
:: random choices of 8000 points in the 10000x10000 square. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
This is the MINIMUM DISTANCE test
for random integers in the file out.rbnf
Sample no. d^2 avg equiv uni
5 .4921 .7419 .390142
10 .7743 .8703 .540751
15 1.7631 1.1093 .830005
20 .0318 1.1145 .031436
25 .9183 1.1718 .602660
30 1.6388 1.1154 .807384
35 2.4699 1.0878 .916449
40 .2971 1.0239 .258165
45 1.7783 1.0087 .832579
50 .4027 .9697 .332836
55 .6409 .9686 .474872
60 3.1668 .9705 .958527
65 .6613 1.0651 .485522
70 2.3505 1.1091 .905799
75 .8778 1.0832 .586125
80 .9308 1.0799 .607603
85 4.9796 1.1029 .993293
90 .0864 1.0789 .083175
95 .4361 1.0861 .354855
100 2.2774 1.0628 .898614
MINIMUM DISTANCE TEST for out.rbnf
Result of KS test on 20 transformed mindist^2's:
p-value= .414914
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:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: THE 3DSPHERES TEST ::
:: Choose 4000 random points in a cube of edge 1000. At each ::
:: point, center a sphere large enough to reach the next closest ::
:: point. Then the volume of the smallest such sphere is (very ::
:: close to) exponentially distributed with mean 120pi/3. Thus ::
:: the radius cubed is exponential with mean 30. (The mean is ::
:: obtained by extensive simulation). The 3DSPHERES test gener- ::
:: ates 4000 such spheres 20 times. Each min radius cubed leads ::
:: to a uniform variable by means of 1-exp(-r^3/30.), then a ::
:: KSTEST is done on the 20 p-values. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
The 3DSPHERES test for file out.rbnf
sample no: 1 r^3= 2.497 p-value= .07986
sample no: 2 r^3= .944 p-value= .03097
sample no: 3 r^3= 11.507 p-value= .31858
sample no: 4 r^3= 18.522 p-value= .46066
sample no: 5 r^3= 53.385 p-value= .83128
sample no: 6 r^3= 24.988 p-value= .56523
sample no: 7 r^3= 33.582 p-value= .67353
sample no: 8 r^3= 52.342 p-value= .82531
sample no: 9 r^3= 10.060 p-value= .28490
sample no: 10 r^3= 37.835 p-value= .71667
sample no: 11 r^3= 26.345 p-value= .58446
sample no: 12 r^3= 18.111 p-value= .45321
sample no: 13 r^3= 2.604 p-value= .08313
sample no: 14 r^3= 22.719 p-value= .53107
sample no: 15 r^3= 6.510 p-value= .19508
sample no: 16 r^3= .177 p-value= .00590
sample no: 17 r^3= 48.487 p-value= .80135
sample no: 18 r^3= 55.243 p-value= .84141
sample no: 19 r^3= 5.339 p-value= .16303
sample no: 20 r^3= 4.291 p-value= .13328
A KS test is applied to those 20 p-values.
---------------------------------------------------------
3DSPHERES test for file out.rbnf p-value= .619721
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:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: This is the SQEEZE test ::
:: Random integers are floated to get uniforms on [0,1). Start- ::
:: ing with k=2^31=2147483647, the test finds j, the number of ::
:: iterations necessary to reduce k to 1, using the reduction ::
:: k=ceiling(k*U), with U provided by floating integers from ::
:: the file being tested. Such j's are found 100,000 times, ::
:: then counts for the number of times j was <=6,7,...,47,>=48 ::
:: are used to provide a chi-square test for cell frequencies. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
RESULTS OF SQUEEZE TEST FOR out.rbnf
Table of standardized frequency counts
( (obs-exp)/sqrt(exp) )^2
for j taking values <=6,7,8,...,47,>=48:
-.8 .1 .3 -1.7 -.9 .5
-.2 .6 .8 .2 .4 -.5
-.5 -.8 -1.2 .1 .0 2.9
1.0 .0 -1.4 .6 .3 .0
-1.1 -2.0 -.1 .5 .5 -1.1
.5 .6 -.5 .3 -.6 -.5
-1.2 .8 1.3 -.1 .1 1.0
-.1
Chi-square with 42 degrees of freedom: 33.573
z-score= -.919 p-value= .179804
______________________________________________________________
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:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: The OVERLAPPING SUMS test ::
:: Integers are floated to get a sequence U(1),U(2),... of uni- ::
:: form [0,1) variables. Then overlapping sums, ::
:: S(1)=U(1)+...+U(100), S2=U(2)+...+U(101),... are formed. ::
:: The S's are virtually normal with a certain covariance mat- ::
:: rix. A linear transformation of the S's converts them to a ::
:: sequence of independent standard normals, which are converted ::
:: to uniform variables for a KSTEST. The p-values from ten ::
:: KSTESTs are given still another KSTEST. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Test no. 1 p-value .936638
Test no. 2 p-value .237101
Test no. 3 p-value .309156
Test no. 4 p-value .961163
Test no. 5 p-value .272522
Test no. 6 p-value .492101
Test no. 7 p-value .301595
Test no. 8 p-value .099303
Test no. 9 p-value .175066
Test no. 10 p-value .397994
Results of the OSUM test for out.rbnf
KSTEST on the above 10 p-values: .700504
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:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: This is the RUNS test. It counts runs up, and runs down, ::
:: in a sequence of uniform [0,1) variables, obtained by float- ::
:: ing the 32-bit integers in the specified file. This example ::
:: shows how runs are counted: .123,.357,.789,.425,.224,.416,.95::
:: contains an up-run of length 3, a down-run of length 2 and an ::
:: up-run of (at least) 2, depending on the next values. The ::
:: covariance matrices for the runs-up and runs-down are well ::
:: known, leading to chisquare tests for quadratic forms in the ::
:: weak inverses of the covariance matrices. Runs are counted ::
:: for sequences of length 10,000. This is done ten times. Then ::
:: repeated. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
The RUNS test for file out.rbnf
Up and down runs in a sample of 10000
_________________________________________________
Run test for out.rbnf :
runs up; ks test for 10 p's: .764152
runs down; ks test for 10 p's: .703425
Run test for out.rbnf :
runs up; ks test for 10 p's: .888762
runs down; ks test for 10 p's: .920232
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:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: This is the CRAPS TEST. It plays 200,000 games of craps, finds::
:: the number of wins and the number of throws necessary to end ::
:: each game. The number of wins should be (very close to) a ::
:: normal with mean 200000p and variance 200000p(1-p), with ::
:: p=244/495. Throws necessary to complete the game can vary ::
:: from 1 to infinity, but counts for all>21 are lumped with 21. ::
:: A chi-square test is made on the no.-of-throws cell counts. ::
:: Each 32-bit integer from the test file provides the value for ::
:: the throw of a die, by floating to [0,1), multiplying by 6 ::
:: and taking 1 plus the integer part of the result. ::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Results of craps test for out.rbnf
No. of wins: Observed Expected
98671 98585.86
98671= No. of wins, z-score= .381 pvalue= .64832
Analysis of Throws-per-Game:
Chisq= 18.54 for 20 degrees of freedom, p= .44802
Throws Observed Expected Chisq Sum
1 66264 66666.7 2.432 2.432
2 38046 37654.3 4.074 6.506
3 27057 26954.7 .388 6.894
4 19229 19313.5 .369 7.264
5 13897 13851.4 .150 7.414
6 9866 9943.5 .605 8.018
7 7123 7145.0 .068 8.086
8 5066 5139.1 1.039 9.125
9 3679 3699.9 .118 9.243
10 2710 2666.3 .716 9.959
11 1992 1923.3 2.452 12.411
12 1379 1388.7 .068 12.479
13 981 1003.7 .514 12.994
14 719 726.1 .070 13.064
15 544 525.8 .627 13.691
16 374 381.2 .134 13.825
17 294 276.5 1.102 14.928
18 222 200.8 2.232 17.159
19 154 146.0 .440 17.600
20 102 106.2 .167 17.767
21 302 287.1 .772 18.538
SUMMARY FOR out.rbnf
p-value for no. of wins: .648324
p-value for throws/game: .448015
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Results of DIEHARD battery of tests sent to file out.txt
The distribution of p<0.05 and p>0.95 was around what you would expect for those values, given the huge number of tests. you should start getting concerned if you see a p=0.000000 or a p=1.000000 when you test your RNGs. (For best results just output a stream of random *bytes* for this test, because if you do bytes in an integer, you end up with a bunch of extra 00s in your file.)